A Newtonian approximation to estimate the current temperature of the universe

Abstract

Based on supernovae data, we built a potential for the observable universe. Using classical mechanics, we built a classical Lagrangian and a Hamiltonian to describe the evolution of the universe as a three-dimensional sphere. We then considered the universe as a classical statistical ensemble and determined the partition function of the universe and thus estimated its current temperature. This analysis is classical, quantum approximation was never used.